The demographic transition of the Southern countries structure domestic markets and creates opportunities for economic growth. Drawing on the concept of National System of Research and Innovation, we test how it improves knowledge on the institutional conditions that mobilize the results of research in innovation processes. The first part discusses the adaptation of the concept of National System of Innovation in the Southern countries. A second part characterizes the conditions for emergence of research institutions in Cameroon. A third part analyzes how the structure of the scientific production has, since 1991, met the needs of innovation in the agricultural and food sector. The fourth part explains the conditions of use of this production by the subsystems of intermediation and entrepreneurship. The results discuss how the use of the notion of NSRI can become an element used in the orientation of research and innovation policies.JEL Codes: O3, O32, O38, D83, H5