If industrial symbiosis can be defined as a commitment of independent firms in a collaborative chain to take advantage of trading materials and energy flows, it may also become an interesting field for industrial organization. The environmental issue and especially industrial ecology are a new step in the evolutionary process of industrial organization. From new theories (conventions, stakeholders, industrial districts) and new facts (study of metabolism, waste repurposing, circular economy), industrial ecology foreshadows the study of change as announced for the field of industrial organization.JEL Codes: L11, L22, L25, P12, P23, Q57