In this study, we examine how Léon Walras analyzes economic evolution towards the most advanced stage of the history of humanity, the so-called “industrial and commercial regime”. This will enable us to show his ideas relative to “modern industry”, and also to examine the way in which he conceives the industrial revolution, the role of mechanization, and the relationships between science and industry. The first part presents the Walrasian theory of the different stages of evolution of society. The second focuses on the characteristics of the “industrial and commercial state” and the future perspectives envisaged by Léon Walras. JEL Codes : B12